I am a bit confused by your problem description, but here goes:
Destroying a pirate ship will occasionally leave a treasure map in the debris. They generally point to an uninhabited planet where you need to deploy a mining probe or several to retrieve the treasure.
I am assuming that you followed the instructions on one such map and mined the planet listed therein. Once you have done that, there is absolutely no further need for the treasure map. It has no function in whatever devices or goods you found. I am further guessing that you found an artifact at the planet. As far as I know, not all treasure maps point to stashes including artifacts, but many do.
When it comes to artifatcs, these can do different things. Most of them go into artifact slots in your ship hulls (provided the hull has any). These should then work automatically until they break from wear and tear. Because of this it is important to regularly repair these (for usually lots of money). There are ways to have these repair costs reduced, but I don't want to spoil you.
There are different kinds of artifacts that do not go into artifact slots of your ship. Instead these need to be activated. How and where these can be activated is sometimes confusing. I suggest you either play around some more with the item you found or let yourself get spoiled in the old Spave Rangers Forum(at https://www.elementalgames.com/forum/theme.php?lang=eng&forum=rangers). I currently don't remember the details of the activatable artifacts, anyway
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