The kat has pretty much covered it. FYI, Veterans get no extra privileges. Diplomats get access to the private Galactic Council forums. As there haven't been any new Diplomats since release to my knowledge, all the Diplomats now are those who were involved in the private gamma test just before release. Ambassadors are pretty much the same as Diplomats (all Diplomats at the time of the gamma were promoted to Ambassador).
As an added bonus, the Diplomats/Ambassadors who were in the private gamma test all have their names in the game's credits, and most of them have ships in the campaign that are named after their forum aliases.
Beyond that, there are Governors and Avatars. Governors are forum moderators and non-GC2 stardock employees; Avatars are GC2 devs or other SD employees involved in some way with GC2.